
The Atacama Saltpeter Rush and the 1879 War of the Pacific
In the late 19th century, the hyper-arid Atacama Desert contained the world's dense natural deposits of sodium nitrate, known as saltpeter, essential for producing global agricultural fertilizers and military explosives.

Chilean mining ventures invested heavily in extraction across disputed territories administered by

Bolivia and

Peru. When Bolivia imposed export tariffs on Chilean companies in 1878, Chile occupied the port of Antofagasta, initiating the War of the Pacific. According to historical records from the National Library of Chile, Chile annexed Bolivia's coastline and Peru's Tarapacรก province, securing a global nitrate monopoly that generated up to 50% of Chilean state revenues through the 1890s. This resource dominance endured until

German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch commercialized synthetic ammonia during World War I, rendering natural nitrate extraction obsolete.
Why today: Today's edition features Calama in

Chile's Atacama Desert on the Weather Desk, where extreme arid conditions preserved the historical nitrate fields that once drove 19th-century global trade.